Dataset on the antifungal activity, postharvest quality, and enzymatic responses of orange fruits treated with a chitosan emulsion containing oregano essential oil constituents

Version 1.1
Silva, Adriane Maria da; Terao, Daniel; Silva, Itala Suzana Oliveira; Bizeto, Marcos Augusto; Camilo, Fernanda Ferraz; Queiroz, Sonia Claudia do Nascimento de; Maia, Aline de Holanda Nunes; Vilela, Elke Simoni Dias; Chaim, Aldemir; Fracarolli, Juliana Aparecida, 2026, "Dataset on the antifungal activity, postharvest quality, and enzymatic responses of orange fruits treated with a chitosan emulsion containing oregano essential oil constituents", https://doi.org/10.25824/redu/RAXDGU, Repositório de Dados de Pesquisa da Unicamp, V1, UNF:6:yAIQwTEkDbFK73CxC677mA== [fileUNF]
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Description
This dataset contains experimental data generated in Chapter 3 of a doctoral research project developed at the Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) in partnership with Embrapa Meio Ambiente and the Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP). The dataset comprises experimental data on the development and evaluation of a chitosan-based emulsion containing a synthetic mixture of the major constituents of oregano essential oil (carvacrol, p-cymene, and thymol) for the control of postharvest sour rot caused by Geotrichum citri-aurantii in orange fruits. The experiments included in vitro and in vivo evaluations of the antifungal activity of the emulsion, as well as assessments of postharvest physicochemical quality and defense-related enzymatic responses in treated fruits during storage. The dataset is organized into four independent experiments: Experiment 1: in vitro antifungal activity of the chitosan emulsion under volatile-mediated and direct-contact conditions; Experiment 2: in vivo evaluation of sour rot control in inoculated orange fruits treated with the emulsion; Experiment 3: assessment of physicochemical quality attributes of orange fruits treated with the emulsion during storage; Experiment 4: evaluation of enzymatic responses associated with induced resistance in orange fruits treated with the emulsion. Data are provided in spreadsheet format (.xlsx) and include measurements related to fungal growth inhibition, lesion development, physicochemical quality parameters, and enzymatic activities measured during storage. The dataset contains information on treatment concentrations, storage periods, experimental replicates, disease severity, fruit quality attributes, and activities of defense-related enzymes, including phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, peroxidase, polyphenoloxidase, and catalase. These data may support studies involving natural antifungal compounds, edible coatings, induced resistance mechanisms, postharvest disease management, and alternative technologies aimed at preserving fruit quality and reducing the use of synthetic fungicides in citrus production systems. (2026-06-08)
Subject Agricultural Sciences
Keyword Postharvest disease, Enzymatic activity, Chitosan emulsion, Orange, Geotrichum citri-aurantii, Sour rot, Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, Peroxidase, Polyphenoloxidase, Catalase, Antifungal activity, Quality, Carvacrol, Thymol, P-cymene
Related Publication SILVA, Adriane Maria da. Estratégias alternativas e integradas para o controle da antracnose na pós-colheita de mamão ‘Papaia’ e da podridão azeda em laranja ‘Lima’. 2026. Tese (Doutorado) - Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, 2026. (Chapter 3).
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experiment_enzymes.tab
Tabular Data - 6.4 KB
Published Jun 26, 2026
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10 Variables, 34 Observations UNF:6:IuzfMqoqHnx+9UdKKPyx+g==
The file experiment_enzymes.xlsx contains data from the experiment “Evaluation of enzymatic response”, conducted to investigate the defense responses of orange fruits treated with a chitosan emulsion containing a synthetic mixture of oregano essential oil compounds (carvacrol, p-cymene, thymol) during postharvest storage. Two treatments were evaluated: untreated fruit (check) and fruit treated with the emulsion at 7.5 µL mL⁻¹, previously selected based on its effectiveness in controlling sour rot in vivo. Fruits were stored at 20 ± 2 °C and 80 ± 2% relative humidity in the dark to simulate commercial storage conditions. The experiment followed a completely randomized design, with four replicates (fruit) per treatment at each sampling time. Peel samples were collected before treatment application (time_0), 2 h after treatment (time_2h), and daily up to the sixth day of storage (time_1day to time_6days). Fruits were not artificially inoculated with the pathogen. For enzyme extraction, peel fragments (1 g) were ground in liquid nitrogen and homogenized with 6 mL of 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 6.5) containing 1% polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP-10) and 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF). The homogenate was centrifuged at 20000 × g for 25 min at 4 °C, and the supernatant was stored at –18 °C until analysis. Protein concentration was determined using the Bradford method with bovine serum albumin (BSA) as the standard, and expressed as mg protein g⁻¹ fresh tissue. Enzymatic activities were subsequently normalized based on protein concentration. The following defense-related enzymes were evaluated: • feni: phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, expressed as µg trans-cinnamic acid min⁻¹ mg⁻¹ protein; • pero: peroxidase, expressed as U mg⁻¹ protein; • poli: polyphenoloxidase, expressed as U mg⁻¹ protein; • cata: catalase, expressed as µmol H₂O₂ min⁻¹ mg⁻¹ protein. All analyses were performed in 96-well microplates, and absorbance readings were obtained using an Infinite 200 PRO UV-Vis spectrophotometer (Tecan). The dataset is organized in a spreadsheet (.xlsx) format and includes the evaluated enzyme (enzymes), treatment identification (treatment), and enzymatic activity measurements obtained at each sampling time (time_0, time_2h, time_1day, time_2days, time_3days, time_4days, time_5days, and time_6days). Each row corresponds to one experimental replicate. For more details on the methodology, read Chapter 3 of the thesis entitled: “Estratégias alternativas e integradas para o controle da antracnose na pós-colheita de mamão ‘Papaia’ e da podridão azeda em laranja ‘Lima’”, developed at the Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP).
experiment_invitro_emulsion.zip
ZIP Archive - 22.9 KB
Published Jun 26, 2026
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MD5: 1ac8f4595f738c1db8253f3a9ebb56a8
The file experiment_invitro_emulsion.zip contains data from in vitro experiments conducted to evaluate the antifungal activity of a chitosan emulsion containing a synthetic mixture of oregano essential oil compounds (carvacrol, p-cymene, thymol) against Geotrichum citri-aurantii. The experiments were designed to distinguish between antifungal effects associated with volatile-mediated inhibition and those due to direct contact between the emulsion and the pathogen. Three complementary assays were performed: (I) Indirect inhibition (volatile phase) The antifungal activity of compounds released from the emulsion was evaluated by applying 414 µL of the chitosan-based emulsion containing the synthetic mixture to the inner surface of Petri dish lids at concentrations of 30, 40, and 50 µL mL⁻¹. The formulations were uniformly spread and dried under laminar airflow for 5 min. A sterile filter paper disc (6 mm) impregnated with 10 µL of a G. citri-aurantii spore suspension (10⁵ spores mL⁻¹) was positioned at the center of Petri dishes containing potato dextrose agar (PDA). Plates were sealed and incubated at 22 ± 1 °C and 70 ± 2% relative humidity in the dark for 5 days. Mycelial growth was measured daily using a digital caliper. The applied volume corresponded to an application rate of 6.50 µL cm⁻², determined from preliminary tests simulating fruit surface coating conditions. (II) Direct inhibition by deposition of the emulsion over the spore suspension To evaluate the direct antifungal effect of the emulsion on fungal spores, 100 µL of a G. citri-aurantii spore suspension (10³ spores mL⁻¹) was uniformly spread on PDA medium and dried for 5 min under laminar flow. Subsequently, 414 µL of the emulsion containing the synthetic mixture at concentrations of 0.10, 0.25, and 0.50 µL mL⁻¹ was spread over the medium surface. Plates were incubated at 22 ± 1 °C and 70 ± 2% relative humidity in the dark for 3 days. Colony-forming units (CFU) were quantified after incubation. The spore concentration was adjusted to allow approximately 100 colonies per plate, facilitating colony counting. (III) Direct inhibition by deposition of the spore-containing disk over the emulsion In this assay, 414 µL of the chitosan-based emulsion containing the synthetic mixture at concentrations of 2, 3, and 4 µL mL⁻¹ was spread over PDA medium and dried for 5 min under laminar airflow. A sterile filter paper disc (6 mm) impregnated with 10 µL of a G. citri-aurantii spore suspension (10⁵ spores mL⁻¹) was then placed at the center of each plate. Plates were incubated at 22 ± 1 °C and 70 ± 2% relative humidity in the dark for 5 days, and mycelial growth was measured using a digital caliper. All experiments followed a completely randomized design with four replicates (plates) per treatment. Control plates (concentrations of 0 µL mL⁻¹) received only the fungal inoculum without emulsion treatment and were maintained under the same incubation conditions as treated plates. The percentage of fungal growth inhibition was calculated relative to the control treatment using final mycelial diameter or CFU counts. The folder includes: • invitro_1.xlsx: Indirect inhibition (volatile phase); • invitro_2.xlsx: Direct inhibition by deposition of the emulsion over the spore suspension; • invitro_3.xlsx: Direct inhibition by deposition of the spore-containing disk over the emulsion. The dataset is organized in spreadsheet format (.xlsx) and includes the identification of the concentration of the synthetic mixture in the emulsion (concentration, µL mL⁻¹), replicate number (replicate), and fungal growth measurements expressed either as colony diameter (diam, mm) or colony-forming units (CFU), depending on the assay. Each row corresponds to one experimental replicate. For more details on the methodology, read Chapter 3 of the thesis entitled: “Estratégias alternativas e integradas para o controle da antracnose na pós-colheita de mamão ‘Papaia’ e da podridão azeda em laranja ‘Lima’”, developed at the Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP).
experiment_invivo.tab
Tabular Data - 1.7 KB
Published Jun 26, 2026
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9 Variables, 51 Observations UNF:6:+vRihRttBjfIYxEP7mZYPg==
The file experiment_invivo.xlsx contains data from the experiment “Evaluation of in vivo antifungal activity”, conducted to assess the effectiveness of a chitosan emulsion containing a synthetic mixture of oregano essential oil compounds (carvacrol, p-cymene, thymol) in controlling sour rot caused by Geotrichum citri-aurantii in orange fruits. Orange fruits were wounded at the equatorial region using a sterile stainless-steel needle (1 mm × 3 mm) and inoculated with 10 µL of a G. citri-aurantii spore suspension (10⁶ spores mL⁻¹). After inoculation, fruits were maintained for 4 h in a humid chamber (95 ± 2% relative humidity) at 22 ± 2 °C in the dark to promote pathogen infection. Subsequently, fruits were treated with a chitosan-based emulsion containing the synthetic mixture at concentrations of 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10.0 µL mL⁻¹. The formulations were applied by spraying at a rate of 1 mL per fruit using a pneumatic spray nozzle producing droplets of approximately 10–30 µm. Inoculated fruits receiving no emulsion treatment were used as the control treatment (concentrations of 0 µL mL⁻¹). The experiment used a completely randomized design with 10 replicates per treatment (fruit). Fruits were stored at 26 ± 2 °C and 90 ± 2% relative humidity under dark conditions. Disease development was evaluated daily for six days after inoculation by measuring lesion diameter with a digital caliper. The dataset is organized in spreadsheet format (.xlsx). It includes the treatment concentration expressed in microliters per milliliter (concentration, µL mL⁻¹), experimental replicate identification (replicate), and daily lesion diameter measurements collected throughout storage (diam_1 to diam_6, mm). Each row corresponds to one inoculated fruit. Values equal to zero indicate the absence of visible symptoms or lesion development at the evaluation time of evaluation. For more details on the methodology, read Chapter 3 of the thesis entitled: “Estratégias alternativas e integradas para o controle da antracnose na pós-colheita de mamão ‘Papaia’ e da podridão azeda em laranja ‘Lima’”, developed at the Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP).
experiment_quality.tab
Tabular Data - 10.1 KB
Published Jun 26, 2026
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14 Variables, 71 Observations UNF:6:g7SecXnbvcwcRIOtk7uaoQ==
The file experiment_quality.xlsx contains data from the experiment “Evaluation of postharvest quality”, conducted to assess the effects of a chitosan emulsion containing a synthetic mixture of oregano essential oil compounds (carvacrol, p-cymene, thymol) on the physicochemical quality of orange fruits during storage. Orange fruits were treated with the emulsion at a concentration of 7.5 µL mL⁻¹, selected based on the results of the in vivo antifungal assay, in which this concentration provided the most effective control of sour rot caused by Geotrichum citri-aurantii. Untreated fruits were used as the control treatment (check). After treatment application, fruits were stored at 20 ± 2 °C and 80 ± 2% relative humidity in the dark to simulate commercial marketing conditions. Evaluations were performed after 2, 6, and 8 days of storage. The experiment followed a completely randomized design with 10 replicates (fruit) per treatment at each evaluation time. The dataset is organized in spreadsheet format (.xlsx). It includes treatment identification (treatment), experimental replicate (replicate), storage period (days), peel color parameters measured in the CIE Lab* system (L, a, b), chroma (c), hue angle (h), pH (ph), soluble solids content (SS, °Brix), titratable acidity (AT, % citric acid), fruit firmness (firmness, Newton), soluble solids/titratable acidity ratio (SSAT), and weight loss during storage (weight loss, %). Each row corresponds to one experimental fruit replicate evaluated at a specific storage period. The “arrival” treatment corresponds to fruit evaluated immediately after harvest, before storage and treatment application, and was included as an initial quality reference. Weight loss was calculated as the percentage reduction relative to the initial fruit mass. Peel color was determined using a colorimeter, while chroma and hue angle were calculated from the a* and b* coordinates. Firmness was measured using a texture analyzer under equatorial compression. Soluble solids, titratable acidity, SS/TA ratio, and pH were determined from juice extracted from the fruits. For more details on the methodology, read Chapter 3 of the thesis entitled: “Estratégias alternativas e integradas para o controle da antracnose na pós-colheita de mamão ‘Papaia’ e da podridão azeda em laranja ‘Lima’”, developed at the Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP).
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